Архив рубрики: English

About invitation of the Varangians to Russia

The text is directly based on the article concerning the tribute from Russian cities.INVITATION OF THE VARANGIANS
The Varangians founded cities that is why they needed only the right to rent of a piece of land at the river. At that stage, they contacted with peasantry only through trade with the military tribal nobility – the boyars. Eighty-four articles in Wikipedia devoted to Grand dukes of Kiev, is never mention the term «peasants» in chronology from 860 to 1272 (412 years). The reason: the peasantry did not exist for the princes; they were in “ownership” of local boyars.

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About tribute from Russian cities

TRADING STATIONS AND EMPORIAS
Cities of America started with trading stations — protected fenced trading platforms, as a rule, on a river bank, — there lived Europeans in a trading station, outside — the native population. If the place was successful, and the local goods are numerous, the number of warehouses grew, there appeared blacksmith shops, shops for processing of semifinished products, and once the trading station turned into a city.
Russian trading stations developed in Siberia in absolutely the same way. Thus, the Cossack villages grew along the Bitter line and all other lines. Roman emporias developed like that as well — fenced trading platforms protected by small military division on the foreign land. When those trading stations and emporias became cities, they were children of strangers, not natives.

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Slavery and demography in the USA

WHAT IS SLAVE-TRADE
We have already seen that the antique slavery was a time-limited obligation (up to 4-7 years) to pay off a debt — sometimes in a form of work. During re-elections of the supreme power the debt was written off everywhere – that is why there were so many fcanemen in antiquity. So it was in Judea, Ancient Rome and Russia. Here we have a question: who taught American slave-traders, and was the American slavery that kind of slavery, which was so picturesquely described for us in fiction?I present two maps. On the left, there is the slave-trade centres, on the right — the states that existed prior to the epoch of the Europeans’ sea exploration. Correlations are total: slaves were delivered only therefrom where there was statehood of feudal type.

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About debts writing off in the ancient time

MICHAEL HUDSON’S REMARK
(https://emdrone.livejournal.com/300645.html)

Practice of debts writing off in the anniversary year has ancient roots. The word «anniversary» goes back to the bible term yovel, designating the fiftieth year when property debts were forgiven and debt slaves were released (Leviticus, 25:8-13). Similar traditions as C.Goodheart and M.Hudson mention in their article, existed in many Middle Eastern states — in Sumer, Assyria, Babylon. In agrarian societies, it was usual to take credits in the Temple (the Supreme religious organization) or from the governor, but in case of a poor harvest year, there was no possibility to pay them. In that case, the debtor either sold the property, or sold himself or a member of his family in slavery. However, those so-called agrarian debts — debts of households were forgiven in the anniversary year. Debts of merchants (investment), the result of commercial activity, were not written off.
Debts writing off occurred during the first millennium (BC).

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Law of succession. Basic

This is a short piece of text, but it is the central point in the history.Source:
https://lib.sale/pravo-grajdanskoe-uchebnik/osobyie-poryadki-nasledstva-nasledovanie-47524.html

The inheritance of peasants is determined according to their customs. IX т., Особ. прил., Общ. крест. пол. 38. Пол. Вык. 166. Местн. Велик. 110. Местн. Малор. 93. Местн. Закавк., ст. 81. Местн. Бессар., ст. 36.The rule is applied irrespective of, whether the inheritance is a part of the peasant plot or other property and whether the inheritance case is in the volost or general courts.

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Common law in the USA

THE NORWEGIAN COUNTS AND SHERIFFS
In Norwegian, a sheriff means lensmann — the vassal who received the land area (fee) from his lord — the owner of the land. Together with fee lensmann also received landowner (seigneural, patrimonial) judicial authority over the peasants living at the fee, that is, he became a sheriff. The lensmann also carried out the functions of the notary, solved hereditary problems. His lord – lensherre — stood a step higher than the lensmann.
Therefore, when we see that sheriffs in England or the USA had unusually great powers, there is the reason to think that here we have an English variant of lensmann — the vassal of the lord.

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Gender as a marker of changes

LGBT SOURCES 
The first source is biological. If you have read the chapter “Submission Ritual”, this pair of short paragraphs will be enough. The gene of paederasty does not exist, but there is the excessive sexuality, which is inherent in primacies, closely connected with the public status and a power struggle. The higher status the person has, the better personal sexual choice he/she has. The lower status the person has, the more imposed roles he/she has, including sexual.
As a result, even nowadays some tribes keep male tribesmen in submission through ritual copulation or its imitation. Right now, there are tribes where each child passes through it, and power change is accompanied with destruction or lowering in the status (with the same method) of all prepotent men.

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Great Social Revolution of 1848

Discourse about the replacement of feudal legal norm with bourgeois norms.CORRECT DATING
In China slavery abolition and peasantry liberation happened in 221-206 BC, however the blind trust to such evidences is inappropriate. In practice, the most events, characteristic for the end of the feudalism epoch took place in 1848-1869. Only the “Spring of Nations” in 1848 raised the question about change of legal bases for the first time.

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Redemption procedure

STATISTICS OF THE POPULATION
Let us analyze general data though they differ.
In 1856, the population of Russia was 74.556 million people (Wikipedia. Census revisions)
In 1859 the population of Russia was 67.081 million people (A.G.Trojnitskiy «the Serf population of Russia according to the 10th national census». А.Г. Тройницкий «Крепостное население России по 10-й народной переписи», 1861 г.)
The difference is 7 million, that is about 10 %.

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Enslaving

We already saw that antique slaves, strictly speaking, were not slaves as they did not lose legal capacity and lived according to the same legal norms, as free people. Now we will consider serfs.1762, 1794 SERFS WERE NOT SOLD
Friend alexandr_tx3 proposed a hypothesis that sale of peasants could be sale of labour duty, that is, work sale, not people sale.Only one scan of bill of serfs’ sale was found for the period of 1832-1861. It was for 1844, moreover, impossible to read and without decoding. However, there were numerous inquiries about collecting of arrears from serfs for 1855-1858. The problem is, those arrears mean that the serf can be in debt, and the debt means legal personality: a thing can not be in debt.

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